IFRS and GAAP Convergence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IFRS and GAAP Convergence - Essay ExampleWhen the financial statements are available in annual reports, it is the responsibility of the managers to evaluate and discuss results of union writ of execution. External parties use these financial statements to analyze the companys financial performance. Therefore, external users of financial statements are requires to be familiar with the tools and techniques which are employ in financial performance analysis (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2010, p.1270). Financial analysis includes the analysis of income statement and the assets and liabilities in the remainder sheet. It tin be done by implementing various tools and techniques such as common size financial statements, comparative financial statements, ratio analysis, trend analysis, fund flow statement and cash flow statement (Murthy and Gurusamy, 2009, pp.8-9). be Convergence A single set of global accounting standards has to be developed that would be used internationally for inter national and domestic financial reporting. In order to persuade this practice, the International Accounting commonplace Board (IASB) and the US Financial accounting Standard Board (FASB) signed a memorandum of understanding, ceremonial their commitment towards the convergence of International Accounting Standards and the U.S. ... After the IASB and FASB liberated their disclosure draft on receipts recognition, they got many comments which include the lack of transparency about the transfer of control of services, the accounting for warranties, difficulties in recognizing and separating performance obligations, and the model proposed for licenses of intellectual property. It is found that the proposed standard will cause in the considerable shift in how revenues is documented in many situations. Most respondents believe that the proposed standard will have high concern on their financial reporting and in the process of implementing this standard, additional technology and resourc es will be required. to a greater extent or less 41% of the respondent agrees upon the implementation of the IFRS in either 2015 or 2016. Difference betwixt U.S. GAAP and IFRS There are many differences between the U.S GAAP and IFRS rules regarding the revenue recognition, provisions and contingencies, income taxes, leases, financial instruments, intangible assets, interim financial reporting, and the financial statement presentation. But the most important difference would be in the financial statement presentation. Under the US GAAP rules, normally comparative financial statements are prepared, though a single social class may be accessible in certain events. For the public companies, balance sheets for the two most current years are needed, whereas other statements moldiness contain three year period which should be ended on the balance sheet date. Under IFRS rules, comparative information must be revealed with respect to the prior period for all amounts which are shown in the financial statements. Under US GAAP rules,

Enterprise Resource Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Enterprise Resource prep - Research Paper ExampleAccording to The Conference Board despite the expenditure of millions of dollars and the work of legion(predicate) staff people, 60% of ERP projects fail to deliver the results expected of them. This means that 6 out of 10 ERP projects be either not on age, and/or budget, and/or dont deliver the value expected from them a family or more after launch. Additionally, the study found that, in most cases, writ of execution costs are 25% over budget. (Dudley Cooke, 2001)This paper will review the most frequent problems encountered, recommend strategies to overcome these obstacles and survey the potential to implement ERP systems in organizations. Criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of ERP systems include benefits, functional requirements, hardware requirements, risks associated with implementing an ERP system, and cost.We agree seen the industry statistics and know there are issues as well, now the pertinent question is to ask what are the main causes of ERP failure and what can be done to prevent this from happeningThe implementation of an ERP project requires the acceptance, compliance, and allegiance of a wide range of people Implementing any integrated ERP solution is not so lots a technological exercise but an organisational revolution. Extensive preparation before implementation is the key to success (Bingi, Sharma et al., 1999).Many experts such as King (1997) regard the need to secure a allegiance to a course of action as possibly a more important issue than the conclusion of the most appropriate evaluation technique. The point here is that achieving positive attitudes and behaviors (especially those of the gain management) directed towards a certain(p) outcome may provide benefits that exceed those that can be attained from pushing for the optimum levels of choice.The purpose of top management to delegate the supervision of an ERP implementation to lower management levels usually results in existence out of touch with critical events, or the lack of understanding of the scope, size, and technical aspects of the project, and subsequently, the proper commitment of time and resources required for a successful implementation. The result is a failure in the waiting. Involvement of the lower electric cell is good but should not be at the expense of the top management being ignorant. disrespect the fact that over 90% of companies that have installed ERP admit that they did not do enough to manage organizational turmoil (resulting from the implementation of ERP), most do not even have a clue as to how to minimize organizational distress nor to make it all seem worthwhile (Dudley Cooke, 2001). In my opinion, it is the responsibility of the top management to take charge and manage the change.

Asian financial crisis of 1997 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Asian financial crisis of 1997 - Essay workoutthe place and the fact that Thailand was already buried in debts that it could no longer hope to recover without whatever active and strenuous intervention from the international community. As the baht sank like a rock, it took with it the currencies of other abutting countries. Malaysia and Indonesia were among the first casualties and the rest of the Asian countries followed. North Korea suffered an economic meltdown together with the rest of the nations in Asia. sensation of its biggest car producers, Kia Motors buckled down under the crisis. Kia Motors was one of the hardest hit companies during the crisis in Asia. On the other hand, The Philippines was also sternly shaken during the Asian crisis. In fact, the value of the Philippine peso sank so badly that its value was or so zero. The once promising economy of the Philippines once again slumped down and threatens to a government that is already hard laden with foreign debts.T he Asian economic crisis happened just about 24 hours after the United estate turned over the sovereignty of Hongkong back to China. Despite the economic turmoil and the uncertainty that had been brought about by the change of powers in Hongkong, the Hongkong banking system, with the strong backing of the China, survived the crisis but suffered some major losses. The economy because sluggish and barely for the economies of Singapore and Taiwan that were able to withstand the onslaught in spite of some serious hits in passing, the rest of Asia was in a state of economic shock.The Asian economic crisis opens the eyes of the world of the capriciousness of the economy. The Asian crisis affected the entire world and triggered some economic difficulties even in the developed nations. To drive on the economic recovery of the countries most affected by the crisis, major changes in the economic strategies and policies were instituted in the state (IMF 2000). Major changes in the busines s environment include the opening up of the economies of these

Chronic Conditions Prevention and Management Essay

continuing Conditions Prevention and Management - Essay ExampleThere are myriad pathogenic processes that are pertain in the development of the disease. These processes range from destruction of the -cells of pancreas, which is an autoimmune process, with concurrent deficiency of insulin to different abnormalities that leads to the resistance to insulin action. The underlie factor of the abnormalities in protein, fat and carbohydrates metabolism in diabetes disease is as a result of trim down insulin action on target tissues. Studies have shown that insulin secretion impairment, as well as the defect in insulin action, often coexists in hotshot patient but it is not clear which abnormality is usually the primeval cause of the elevated blood sugars (American Diabetes Association, 2011). Diabetes causes substantial morbidity and mortality in Australia and the estimates of diabetes prevalence provide stakeholders to curriculum and allocate enough funds for health services. Theref ore, the continuous availability of data on the prevalence of diabetes in Australia is significant for disease monitoring, planning, identifying the population at risk, providing services for people and developing an effective preventive strategies (Shaw & Tanamas, 2012). It is approximated that one million Australians are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and the prevalence increases with age, which is noted to be higher in male gender (4.9%) than in female gender (3.8%). In addition, the prevalence is high in the northern part of Australia (10.6%) and lowest in the Central part of Australia (3.0%). The disease has been noted to have an onset at childhood in some(prenominal) cases. A report issued by an Australian Institute of health showed that 0.3% of Australians aged below 35 long time were diagnosed with diabetes as compared to 16% of Australians aged above 65 years.

Native Americans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Native Americans - Assignment ExampleAlbanese (36) explains that Native Americans have responded positively to other religions assimilating some foreign practices, integrating religions, or conversion to new religion. Any of the lead actions demonstrated compatibility, in either principles or beliefs, between Native American religions and religions among immigrant groups, and therefore suggests possible ghostlike effects on the immigrant groups.Commonalities in spite of appearance the native religions, that distinguished them from foreign religions is another aspect that establishes the traditional religions as a microcosm for other sacred adaptations. Even in their interactions with other religions, the native religions have sustained their identity, with mezcal religion as an example (Albanese 37), and this shows that immigrant groups would monitor religious interactions for sustainability of their respective religious identities. Identity aspect of commonalities within religion would influence religions to establish distinct values for sustainability among other religions.Existence of relationship with a self-governing authority, which is common among the Native American religions and other religions such as Christianity (Albanese 23- 25), is another illustration of the native religions as a basis for understanding possible religious adaptations among immigrant groups. The groups changes in religion would therefore be restrain to such relationships with supernatural beings.Existence of distinct practices and beliefs among the native religions and foreign religions, together with compatibility into systematic religious interactions for sustaining religious identity are therefore microcosm for understanding religious adaptations of immigrant

Influence of Colonialism on Political Structures of Africa Nations Essay

allure of Colonialism on Political Structures of Africa Nations - Essay ExampleThe first Europeans to settle in Africa were Portuguese in 1446. some other Europeans came in Africa first as missionaries, then as colonizers. The British and German idea was for imperialism while the French had no problems with assimilation. The numerous natural resources made Africa attractive to most European nations. Presently, like most separate of the world, Africa has different people, cultures, languages and history partly because of colonialism (Hrituleac 2).Various literatures exist on the influence of colonization to countries. However, most policy-making science and history research analyzes the implication of colonialism in a holistic manner. Ziltener and Kunzler observe that this analysis is not sufficient as different colonial methods were used in different colonies (305). Moreover, the debate of the political and economic influence of colonialism in Africa is still open with some schoo l of thoughts arguing that colonialism has assisted Africa more than secondhand it. The assistance in infrastructure, education, urbanization, new political and economic systems is often cited. This paper will attempt to ponder in on the debate by using secondary data to explore the influence of colonialism in Africa by observing three African countries with distinct colonial history.

Organizational Turnover And Relationships to the Distribution of Dissertation

Organizational Turnover And Relationships to the Distribution of randomness - Dissertation ExampleIt is evident from the study that it is expected that every commercial enterprise will face constitutional overturn. This is based on gaps in the workflow, win overs which alter the way in which many work and developments required for business egress. The responses by workers create dissimilar responses and levels of motivation as well as authorization that curb to swage rates. It whitethorn also lead to the organization deciding to take a change in the homosexual assets which are used at bottom a company. Even though organisational turnover is expected, the production of a company may have difficulties with the changes. Each of the employees in a company is considered an asset because of knowledge and production. If the turnover continues to increase with newly employment, then it becomes similar to losing the assets of the company. The rate of turnover that occurs in a co mpany is colligate to the level of empowerment from the organization, the organizational environment, and elements that are associated with the dynamics of the workforce. The importance of turnover rates also creates a question of what an organization should do to decrease the rate. There are specific changes which are required to change the rates of organizational turnover, specifically so human assets continue to assist with the increase of production and growth within an organization. It is noted that knowledge distribution is a main factor that contributes to organizational turnover rates. ... .......31 Population, take in and data Collection Procedures..32 Validity Internal and External.........32 Data Analysis.........33 Summary33 References..34 Chapter 1 Introduction It is expected that every business will face organizational turnover. This is based on gaps in the workflow, changes which alter the way in which many work and developments required for business growth. The re sponses by workers create different responses and levels of motivation as well as empowerment that lead to turnover rates. It may also lead to the organization deciding to take a change in the human assets which are used within a company (Fix, 2006). Even though organizational turnover is expected, the production of a company may have difficulties with the changes. Each of the employees in a company is considered an asset because of knowledge and production. If the turnover continues to increase with new employment, then it becomes similar to losing the assets of the company. The rate of turnover that occurs in a company is linked to the level of empowerment from the organization, the organizational environment, and elements that are associated with the dynamics of the workforce. The importance of turnover rates also creates a question of what an organization should do to decrease the rate. There are specific changes which are required to change the rates of organizational turnover, specifically so human

Biometric Authentication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biometric Authentication - Essay ExampleThe desirable processes of biometric authentication methods that make it good include verification, screening and identification.This process makes use of a watch list or a selective informationbase, containing data of people to be excluded. It has records containing only the biometric information for specific individual (Ratha, Connell & Bolle 2001, p. 610). Every individual provides biometric samples to be analyze to confirm if it matches the watch-list.This process is used in the discovery of an individual without the users prior fill of identity. It checks the bio information against the contents of a central database without which it cannot operate.This is the attack where a person pretends to be a literal person or individual service provider and prompts a user to provide personal bio data. once the data is available and has passed through verification, the perpetrator of the attack performs unauthorized transactions.The phishing atta ck is equally harmful and takes roll with or without the knowledge of the owner of the bio data. For example, an individual gets into a banking hall, gets into a dust bin and collects half-filled customer vouchers containing written signature or fingerprint. He or she scans the signatures and finger prints which are then used electronically for sensible online transactions.Biometric methods are more secure in the performance of online transactions. The owner provides Unique biometric information only when compulsory electronically, unlike in the use of ordinary identification numbers.A biometric method provides a high grade of privacy to users and minimizes the exposure of information to unauthorized parties (Weaver 2006, p. 99). For example, for an iris scan to be done, a person essential be physically available.It is possible to fraudulently reproduce biometric data depending on the resources, modality, the

Childhood and Adolescent Animal Cruelty Methods Research Proposal

Childhood and Adolescent Animal Cruelty Methods - Research Proposal precedentFurther research is obliged to inspect the components related to why people take an interest in youth animal evil and what are the behavioral and social viewpoints identified with this sort of place. Hirschis social memory hypothesis is actualized into this study as an intention to address social bonds amid youth and their general significance in connection to creating withdrawn behavioral qualities. Hensley and Tallichet (2009) evaluated the relationship in the middle of youth and juvenile demonstrations of creature unmercifulness in connection to interpersonal savagery towards people that happens further down the road. Mead (1964) attested that there was a relationship between youngsters who take part in demonstrations of creature cold-bloodedness to that of assaultive character issue. This behavioral possibility pondered how youngsters could be aided by right on time conclusion when exhibiting this ki nd of maladjusted conduct in which may help in avoiding further inclusion in interpersonal savagery and capital punishment later on. The exploration address inside this study tended to a connection between the sorts of creature gouge to best anticipate later interpersonal brutality in grown-ups. The type of creature torment that was considered by the specialists included demonstrations of creature pitilessness, for example, 1) Drowning, 2) Hitting, 3) Kicking, 4) Shooting, 5) Choking, 6) Burning, and 7) Having sexual relations with the creatures (Hensley &Tallichet, 2009). Inside the domain of sociology exploration, analysts normally coordinate a indispensable examination configuration to build general exhaustiveness into the range of human and social association, with the objective of applying intending to these ideas in the information and acceptance of human learning.

ART METAL SCULPTURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ART METAL cutting - Essay ExampleThe location of this sculpture is outside East Entrance Parking Lot N, a campus setting.Harolds metal sculpture resembles two joined elliptical forms whose common land joint acts as resting unspiritual in an ample clearance or setting. On its two sides, these elliptical forms bear a common inclination angle such that from a distance when viewing from its wide side resembles an eagle degenerate with its outstretched wings but swung in certain equal inclinations at both sides. Joinery of this wee encompassed welded steel and Corten before flattened in such a direction at the middle. The entire prowess its sculptor has painted it dark brown color, which makes it come out clearly from its settings bearing natural vegetative colors. Specifically, these are green, bright, and blue sky from the background. Hence, inducing a calmness, refreshing and relaxing moods evident in the way these colors as well as settings of the entire sculpture compliment e ach other.The location of this turn tail is outside East Entrance Parking Lot N, which is a campus setting. Its entire structure rests on a flattened joinery where the two elliptical forms give an impression of meet at the central acme hence, the sculptor here utilizes the aspect of balance to ensure it is upright. Viewing from its four sides, the viewer only manages to see two identical sides. These include the two sides, front side and the rear one.Sculptor in making his work utilized welded and Corten steels with the intention of bringing out machinery effect. This is because many elliptical objects or forms are instead evident in engineering field whereby smooth and well-curved surfaces gives an implication of keenness by the artists and those represented by the object. Its smoothness and side view elevation gives an implication of heightened skill in making fabricated materials. Consequently, this symbolizes a resourceful center characterized with impeccable ways of attaini ng their

Charity Giving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charity Giving - Essay ExampleAny mortal with high values and cultural values will provide high donation as per his or her financial status. Some may do charity for the help of the society by giving descent and donating the body organs in order to help others. This is done by the wad due to their cause moral values. The regularity of charity whether financial or in other forms depends largely on the somebody and his or her values in life. None of the charitable organisations sens influence them as they are maneuver by their own ideas and views. A few people refer charitable giving as a personal value which is combine in the individual from the beginning of his/her life by the parents. The importance of pay and the gesture to help others in need are the values, which influence the charitable actions of the people. These values are incorporated among the people from the childhood (Duncan, 1999). No charitable institutions, advertisements and marketing strategies can influence t he people. Charity depends on the people and it depends on the personal freedom and rights of the people to whether they want to do charity or not. Charity can be in money and also in kind. Personal values influence to a coarse extent the charitable action of the people. However, not only the values but also the demographic factors, such as the age of the person, wealth, gender and education contribute towards charitable behaviour. Strong personal values on with moral values have a high degree of influence charitable giving.

How fair is the congressional redistricting process Dissertation

How fair is the congressional redistricting process - Dissertation precedent agree to Hirsch (2003), the current congressional redistricting process veers significantly from the ideals proposed by the original Framers of the United States Constitution. These individuals created the House of Representatives, which was knowing to both stand apart from the Senate, Presidency, and Supreme Court, as well as mediate these governmental entities. The 2001-2002 congressional redistricting efforts revealed the strong partisan bias that many critics contend is skewing redistricting maps and misrepresenting the peoples true sentiments. Unfortunately, Hirsch (2003) argues that there is no easy mend for the biases in the congressional redistricting process. As long as a bipartisan system dominates pubic thought, redistricting depart always favor one political side or the other in a condition state. Perhaps the U.S. Supreme Court will intervene with gerrymanders that prevent partisan biases, al though state legislation essential limit the extent to which redistricting reflects political factors on their own, rather than economic and social factors. McDonald (2004) notes that redistricting continues to be one of the about prevalent and contentious campaigns in the American political system. The United States utilizes multiple redistricting institutions, McDonald notes, which can be categorised into two types. First, some institutions engage in redistricting that follows normal legislative processes, and second, there are those that enact by way of a redistricting commission. In the fakeer, one party tends to control state government and the redistricting process results in a political gerrymander. With the latter, commissions engage in voting and compromise to draw districting boundaries. Regardless of the redistricting institution, McDonald argues that with so often at stake, those involved in the redistricting process often behave in a one-sided fashion. congressiona l redistricting will always result in either a partisan gerrymander, a bipartisan officeholder protection plan, or court intervention (McDonald, 2004). Karlan (2002) contends that the Supreme Court has been unwilling to apply any form of strict scrutiny in the past with regard to congressional redistricting and when faced with the prospect of re-segregating state legislatures and congressional delegations. In addition to partisan concerns, redistricting has been also driven by racial motivations and other minority-based social factors. According to Karlan (2002), the U.S. Constitution demands that states arrange electoral institutions to reduce any existing effects of prior redistricting discrimination. Such electoral districting promotes a racially-polarized voting pattern that undermines needs of minority racial groups. The Supreme Court is responsible for show these discrimination sin the redistricting process and to promote an electoral system that is open to members of minori ty groups. The current flaws in the congressional redistricting process within the United States have caused the issue of fair play to be called into question. Fairness is a key component of congressional redistricting, as it reflects general American values and has far-reaching implications within the population. The concept of fairness is one that

Getting father and I on the same page Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Getting laminitis and I on the same page - Essay ExampleIve always written, for school assignments, college essays and term reports and sometimes just to let off steam or choke with anformer(a) person, exactly none of what I have written in my life has been as important to me as the letters I wrote to Father when I was in capital of Massachusetts. These letters embody in musical composition the foundation and inninging of our relationship in words and are more precious to me than anything I ever wrote or was written to me. These writings embody the bridge that brought Father and I back to bewilderher. I fatigued my childhood in a closely knit and fairly large family in Korea. My sister and I used to play to motorher at home and were very close and strongly attached to mother, but father remained a potent yet detached presence in our house. My father ran his own origin he used to work long hours during the week and was hardly ever home. Even when he was he seemed too tired to want to hang around with my sister and me. To my young self, father seemed like a big and imposing figure of whom I was virtuallyly scared. Throughout middle school, I spent well-nigh of my time outside the house hanging out with my friends in an effort to stay out of fathers way. ... However, this pattern broke when I was 20. At 20 years of age, I moved from Korea to Boston and had to live away from my family for the first time in my life. Being away from home like this do me miss father, even if initially I just missed his mere presence. With time, I began to want to reproof to him, to share my life with him and tell him how I was doing and in return ask him how life was back home. The save problem was that due to strained relations with him in the past I was still uncomfortable with the radical of initiating a conversation with him, especially an emotional one. However, I really wanted father and me to finally get along so I decided to write him a letter. I thought since t his was a little direct way of communicating with him, both of us would be less uncomfortable trying to get our thoughts and feelings across to the other person. My initial letter to father was in some ways my shyest and in other ways my most courageous attempt to communicate with him. I wrote it so that I could finally build a bond between us which had been absent during my childhood, a bond which I now deep craved that I was away from my home and family and living in a foreign land hundreds of miles away. I say this letter was my shyest attempt at writing to my father because it contained only a few preliminaries and pleasantries and pointless comments about Boston and its weather. I told him my mundane routine and asked him his even when I knew it already. This was my way of engaging him in conversation, of making him a stakeholder in the rebuilding the relation between us. But this letter was also my most courageous attempt to communicate and reconnect with him as only an

Ethics Worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics Worksheet - Essay ExampleThe wife is, obviously, lying for her husband and trying to nourish him. Socially, she has not done any wrong in doing so, and since the legal philosophy have not been able to convict the husband, they are bound by law and cannot carry out further investigation without due cause. The another(prenominal) issue at hand is the belief of the police officers that the husband was brainish while intoxicated. They checked the touchwood of the car, which was warm, suggesting that it had been very recently used. They also observed the husband drop the car keys and put them in his sackful while he was walking up to the front door. After carrying out a check, they retrieved a array of car keys from his front pocket, but the husband denied driving and said he was out walking. The wife keep she had not driven either. However, it was obvious that the husband was lying. The husband failed to pass the intoxication tests satisfactorily, and it was established t hat he was, therefore, intoxicated his alcohol was on the scale of 0.20 on his breath. It is socially unethical, and legally unlawful, to drive intoxicated. However, since the officers did not observe him driving themselves, they are unable to take any action. Q3 3A Claimant 1 The husband. He is the person who would be convicted of two crimes, domestic help violence, and intoxicated driving, if the crimes were to be proven. Therefore, he would pick out that the police do not find sufficient try to convict him. To that end, he has got his wife to lie for him as well. From the perspective of the moral agent, the obligation of justice is owed to the husband. all(prenominal) the preliminary evidence points towards him being nefarious. He is on socially and legally unethical grounds, and to make it worse, he is lying about it. He should be lott with justice, and convicted. 3B Claimant 2 The wife. She has a minor role to play in the case. She was the victim of domestic violence, bu t now she denies it, and there are no visible signs of violence about her to convict the husband for that. She is also lying for her husband. For the sale of her husband, she would prefer the authorities not to find him guilty, and she would prefer the police not to find sufficient evidence to convict him. That is the reason for her lying. The obligation owed towards her is beneficence, and she should be dealt with it. If indeed she is the victim of violence, then she should be taken into protective custody and her problem solved. She should also be abandoned the confidence that she can still live her life with her husband convicted, so that there is no gather up for her to lie to protect him. 3C Claimant 3 The police officers. They have strong belief of the husband being guilty based on their observations, and they would prefer for the husband to be convicted of the crimes, because they believe he is lying about them. The catch of the older police officer also point towards this verdict. However, since they do not have sufficient proof, much(prenominal) as visible signs of domestic violence and the actual observation of the husband driving while intoxicated, they should deal him with the moral obligation of non-injury, since they can protect bringing unnecessary harm to the couple. Q4 Alternative 1 The police do not convict, based on insufficient evidence. Best case scenario, the husband does not retroflex the mistake again. Worst case scenario,

Leadership - Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership - Communication - Essay ExampleYet the closely effective managers, those whose executive action is likely to have the highest take of value within an government, have the qualities of leading in addition to management skill.Strategic decision-making depends upon those who have both of these skill sets. An executive who understands the mechanical nuances of his/her organization and is able to manipulate processes to achieve desired outcomes is an effective manager. Add to that the ability to articulate a good deal and to influence others to work toward it and you have an effective manager with leadership qualities. This manager, trained to exercise independent, critical judgment, is rise up equipped for strategic decision-making (Hellwich, 2004).The characteristics of leadership that foster strategic decision-making are often tied to the personal characteristics or qualities of the executive. Leadership is more ability than a skill, although there has been signifi und ersidet debate about whether leadership characteristics can be learned. The dimensions of a leader fall into the categories of charisma, vision, interpersonal skill, and ethical responsibility, to name but a few. These qualities, when have by an organizations executives, are strongly linked to strategic decision-making. Without them, an executive is merely a high level manager or administrator without the ability to impact the strategic direction of the organization.Leadership is somew